International Journal of

ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES

EISSN: 2313-3724, Print ISSN: 2313-626X

Frequency: 12

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 Volume 13, Issue 3 (March 2026), Pages: 143-152

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 Original Research Paper

A regression analysis of specific printing energy and CO2 emissions in additive manufacturing processes

 Author(s): 

Majed Masmali *

 Affiliation(s):

Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia

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 * Corresponding Author. 

   Corresponding author's ORCID profile:  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9646-1412

 Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

  https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2026.03.014

 Abstract

Manufacturing processes are increasingly required to improve sustainability in order to reduce energy use and environmental impact. This study develops regression models to quantify and predict Specific Printing Energy (SPE) and CO₂ emissions in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) using Polylactic Acid (PLA) filament. The main objective is to optimize key printing parameters to support more efficient and sustainable additive manufacturing. A full factorial experimental design was applied, including 729 experimental runs based on six FFF parameters at three levels. Multiple linear regression models were developed using Minitab to evaluate the effects of these parameters on SPE and CO₂ emissions. Model reliability was confirmed through comprehensive statistical analysis, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), R-squared evaluation, and residual diagnostics. The results show that the models explain 89.17% of the variation in SPE and 87.37% of the variation in CO₂ emissions. Among the parameters, layer height has the strongest negative effect on both responses, while printing speed also reduces SPE and CO₂ emissions. In contrast, nozzle temperature and bed temperature have positive effects on both measures. The proposed models provide a quantitative framework for sustainability optimization in additive manufacturing and offer practical guidance for selecting printing parameters to reduce energy consumption and environmental impact.

 © 2026 The Authors. Published by IASE.

 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

 Keywords

Additive manufacturing, CO2 emissions, Fused filament fabrication, Specific printing energy, Sustainability

 Article history

Received 25 August 2025, Received in revised form 11 January 2026, Accepted 11 March 2026

 Acknowledgment

No Acknowledgment. 

 Compliance with ethical standards

 Conflict of interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

 Citation:

Masmali M (2026). A regression analysis of specific printing energy and CO2 emissions in additive manufacturing processes. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 13(3): 143-152

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 Figures

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 Tables

  Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10

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