Volume 12, Issue 7 (July 2025), Pages: 12-21
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Original Research Paper
Survey-weighted logistic regression analysis of socioeconomic factors associated with access to improved sanitation
Author(s):
Zakariya M. S. Mohammed 1, 2, Myada A. Ibrahim 3, Sanaa A. Mohammed 4, Sara Hamad Madani Hamad 5, Gamal Saad Mohamed Khamis 6, Ekramy Elmorsy 7, 8, *
Affiliation(s):
1Center for Scientific Research and Entrepreneurship, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia 2Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia 3Sudan Medical Specialization Board, Khartoum, Sudan 4Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences and Informatics, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan 5Central Bureau of Statistics, Khartoum, Sudan 6Department of Computer Science, College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia 7Center for Health Research, Northern Border University, P.O. Box 1321, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia 8Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
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* Corresponding Author.
Corresponding author's ORCID profile: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7444-2499
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2025.07.002
Abstract
Access to clean water and adequate sanitation is essential for preventing waterborne diseases and promoting public health. This study investigated the factors associated with improved sanitation in Sudan using data from the 2014 Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), which included 98,883 individuals. Survey logistic regression was used to identify the key determinants of improved sanitation facilities. The results revealed significant disparities across social, educational, and geographic groups, with only 40.9% of Sudanese households having access to improved sanitation. Households with higher education levels were 1.77 times more likely to have improved sanitation than those without formal education, while urban households were 5.73 times more likely to have access than rural ones. Wealth showed the strongest effect, with the richest households being 208 times more likely to have improved sanitation than the poorest. Compared to countries like Oman and Egypt, Sudan’s sanitation coverage remains low, particularly in rural areas. The findings highlight the importance of implementing targeted policies that prioritize rural, low-income, and less-educated populations to reduce inequalities in sanitation access.
© 2025 The Authors. Published by IASE.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keywords
Improved sanitation, Socioeconomic disparities, Multiple indicator cluster survey, Public health, Sudan
Article history
Received 28 December 2024, Received in revised form 12 May 2025, Accepted 6 June 2025
Acknowledgment
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University, Arar, KSA, for funding this research work through the project number “NBU-FFR-2025-1635-02.”
Compliance with ethical standards
Ethical considerations
This study utilized secondary data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in Sudan in 2014. The dataset is publicly available (https://mics.unicef.org/surveys), fully anonymized, and no additional ethical approval was required.
Conflict of interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Citation:
Mohammed ZMS, Ibrahim MA, Mohammed SA, Hamad SHM, Khamis GSM, and Elmorsy E (2025). Survey-weighted logistic regression analysis of socioeconomic factors associated with access to improved sanitation. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 12(7): 12-21
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Figures
Fig. 1
Tables
Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4
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