International Journal of

ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES

EISSN: 2313-3724, Print ISSN: 2313-626X

Frequency: 12
line decor
  
line decor

 Volume 12, Issue 3 (March 2025), Pages: 143-161

----------------------------------------------

 Original Research Paper

Achieving organizational consensus for the JD-R competency model: A judgmental forecasting system for engaging leadership

 Author(s): 

 Jun Ding 1, 2, Wei Chong Choo 1, *, Ng Keng Yap 3

 Affiliation(s):

 1School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Jalan Universiti 1, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
 2Marxist Teaching and Research Department, Weifang Nursing Vocational College, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
 3Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

 Full text

  Full Text - PDF

 * Corresponding Author. 

  Corresponding author's ORCID profile: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1106-5718

 Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

 https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2025.03.015

 Abstract

This study develops an online support system tool based on the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model and Engaging Leadership theory to facilitate organizational consensus in evaluating and addressing job characteristics. Using a qualitative research design, including document analysis and the online Delphi method, it constructs a JD-R competency model within the framework of occupational health psychology. The study proposes the classical Delphi method to establish consensus and, in cases of disagreement, employs the Policy Delphi method to explore underlying differences. By integrating these methods into a judgment-based forecasting system, the research provides an effective approach for achieving organizational-level consensus. The proposed system supports Engaging Leadership, mitigates burnout, and enhances employee well-being, offering a practical tool for leadership development and workplace improvement.

 © 2025 The Authors. Published by IASE.

 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

 Keywords

 Online support system, JD-R competency model, Engaging leadership, Organizational consensus, Employee well-being

 Article history

 Received 13 August 2024, Received in revised form 6 February 2025, Accepted 11 March 2025

 Acknowledgment

No Acknowledgment.

 Compliance with ethical standards

 Ethical considerations

This study involved human participants and was conducted in accordance with ethical standards. Participation was entirely voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained throughout the study. No personally identifiable information was collected or stored. The study did not involve any physical or psychological harm.

 Conflict of interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

 Citation:

 Ding J, Choo WC, and Yap NK (2025). Achieving organizational consensus for the JD-R competency model: A judgmental forecasting system for engaging leadership. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 12(3): 143-161

 Permanent Link to this page

 Figures

 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4

 Tables

 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 

----------------------------------------------   

 References (45)

  1. Akkermans J, Brenninkmeijer V, Blonk RW, and Koppes LL (2009). Fresh and healthy? Well‐being, health and performance of young employees with intermediate education. Career Development International, 14(7): 671-699. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430911005717   [Google Scholar]
  2. Akkermans J, Brenninkmeijer V, Van Den Bossche SNP, Blonk RW, and Schaufeli WB (2013a). Young and going strong? A longitudinal study on occupational health among young employees of different educational levels. Career Development International, 18(4): 416-435. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-02-2013-0024   [Google Scholar]
  3. Akkermans J, Schaufeli W, Brenninkmeijer V, and Blonk R (2013b). The role of career competencies in the Job Demands—Resources model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3): 356-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.06.011   [Google Scholar]
  4. Albrecht S, Breidahl E, and Marty A (2018). Organizational resources, organizational engagement climate, and employee engagement. Career Development International, 23(1): 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-04-2017-0064   [Google Scholar]
  5. Alldredge ME and Nilan KJ (2000). 3M's leadership competency model: An internally developed solution. Human resource management, 39(2‐3): 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-050X(200022/23)39:2/3<133::AID-HRM4>3.0.CO;2-8   [Google Scholar]
  6. Bakker AB and Demerouti E (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3): 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056   [Google Scholar] PMid:27732008
  7. Barenji RV, Hashemipour M, and Guerra-Zubiaga DA (2013). Developing a competency-assisted collaborative promotion modeling framework in higher education. Procedia-Social Behavioral Sciences, 107: 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.406   [Google Scholar]
  8. Chouhan VS and Srivastava S (2014). Understanding competencies and competency modeling―A literature survey. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(1): 14-22. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-16111422   [Google Scholar]
  9. El Asame M and Wakrim M (2018). Towards a competency model: A review of the literature and the competency standards. Education Information Technologies, 23: 225-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-017-9596-z   [Google Scholar]
  10. Fish LS and Busby DM (1996). The Delphi method. In: Sprenkle DH and Piercy FP (Eds.), Research methods in family therapy: 469, 482. 2nd Edition, The Guilford Press, New York, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  11. Fish LS and Osborn JL (1992). Therapists' views of family life: A Delphi study. Family Relations, 41(4): 409-416. https://doi.org/10.2307/585583   [Google Scholar]
  12. Gagniuc PA (2017). Markov chains: From theory to implementation and experimentation. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119387596   [Google Scholar]
  13. Huang JY, Hsu HC, Hsiao YL, Chen FY, Lo SY, Chou TY, and Liu MF (2022). Developing indicators of age-friendliness in Taiwanese communities through a modified Delphi method. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, 19(21): 14430. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114430   [Google Scholar] PMid:36361310 PMCid:PMC9658640
  14. Ilies R, Aw SS, and Pluut H (2015). Intraindividual models of employee well-being: What have we learned and where do we go from here? European Journal of Work Organizational Psychology, 24(6): 827-838. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2015.1071422   [Google Scholar]
  15. Linstone HA and Turoff M (2011). Delphi: A brief look backward and forward. Technological Forecasting Social Change, 78(9): 1712-1719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2010.09.011   [Google Scholar]
  16. Luo M and Lei J (2021). Using the JD-R model to predict the organizational outcomes of social workers in Guangzhou, China. Journal of the Society for Social Work Research, 12(2): 349-369. https://doi.org/10.1086/714311   [Google Scholar]
  17. Massa N, Santarpia FP, and Consiglio C (2023). Work characteristics as determinants of remote working acceptance: Integrating UTAUT and JD-R models. In: Kurosu M and Hashizume A (Eds.), International conference on human-computer interaction: 163-180. Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35596-7_12   [Google Scholar]
  18. Olsen AA, Wolcott MD, Haines ST, Janke KK, and McLaughlin JE (2021). How to use the Delphi method to aid in decision making and build consensus in pharmacy education. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching Learning, 13(10): 1376-1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2021.07.018   [Google Scholar] PMid:34521535
  19. Petrou P, Demerouti E, Peeters MC, Schaufeli WB, and Hetland J (2012). Crafting a job on a daily basis: Contextual correlates and the link to work engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(8): 1120-1141. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1783   [Google Scholar]
  20. Rahmadani VG and Schaufeli WB (2019). Engaging leaders promote employees' well-being at work. In the Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Public Health, 5(2): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.17501/23246735.2019.5201   [Google Scholar]
  21. Ramaci T, Santisi G, Curatolo K, and Barattucci M (2024). Perceived organizational support moderates the effect of job demands on outcomes: Testing the JD-R model in Italian oncology nurses. Palliative Supportive Care, 22(5): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951524000890   [Google Scholar] PMid:38766714
  22. Roblek V, Dimovski V, Jovanov Oblak K, Meško M, and Peterlin J (2024). Leadership and managerial challenges to ensure agile management as a method to enable business success: A Delphi study of the Slovenian health organisations. Measuring Business Excellence, 28(1): 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-09-2023-0122   [Google Scholar]
  23. Sampson D and Fytros D (2008). Competence models in technology-enhanced competence-based learning. In: Adelsberger HH, Kinshuk, Pawlowski JM, and Sampson DG (Eds.), Handbook on information technologies for education and training: 155-177. Springer, Berlin, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74155-8_9   [Google Scholar]
  24. Sawada S, Takemura Y, Isobe T, Koyanagi H, and Kida R (2022). Perceived impact of nurse turnover on the organization: A Delphi study on managers of nursing. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(7): 3168-3177. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13738   [Google Scholar] PMid:35815682
  25. Schaufeli WB (2015). Engaging leadership in the job demands-resources model. Career Development International, 20(5): 446-463. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-02-2015-0025   [Google Scholar]
  26. Schaufeli WB (2017). Applying the job demands-resources model. Organizational Dynamics, 2(46): 120-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2017.04.008   [Google Scholar]
  27. Segers J and Inceoglu I (2012). Exploring supportive and developmental career management through business strategies and coaching. Human Resource Management, 51(1): 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20432   [Google Scholar]
  28. Seker SE (2015). Computerized argument Delphi technique. IEEE Access, 3: 368-380. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2424703   [Google Scholar]
  29. Shippmann JS, Ash RA, Batjtsta M, Carr L, Eyde LD, Hesketh B, Kehoe J, Pearlman K, Prien EP, and Sanchez JI (2000). The practice of competency modeling. Personnel Psychology, 53(3): 703-740. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb00220.x   [Google Scholar]
  30. Simbula S (2010). Daily fluctuations in teachers' well-being: A diary study using the Job Demands–Resources model. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 23(5): 563-584. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615801003728273   [Google Scholar] PMid:20352542
  31. Siraj S, Zakaria AR, Alias N, Dewitt D, Kannan P, and Ganapathy J (2012). Future projection on patriotism among school students using Delphi technique. Creative Education, 3(6): 1053-1059. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2012.326158   [Google Scholar]
  32. Slušná ĽK, Balog M, and Dokupilová D (2024). Identification of key factors of Industry 4.0 development from the perspective of R&D organisations using the Delphi method. International Journal of Management Enterprise Development, 23(2): 117-135. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMED.2024.139271   [Google Scholar]
  33. Stone FL and Busby D (2005). The Delphi method. In: Sprenkle DH (Ed.), Research methods in family therapy: 238-253. Guilford Press, New York, USA.   [Google Scholar]
  34. Suhairom N, Musta'amal AH, Amin NFM, and Johari NKA (2014). The development of competency model and instrument for competency measurement: The research methods. Procedia-Social Behavioral Sciences, 152: 1300-1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.367   [Google Scholar]
  35. Taris TW, Kompier MA, Geurts SA, Schreurs PJ, Schaufeli WB, de Boer E, Sepmeijer KJ, and Watterz C (2003). Stress management interventions in the Dutch domiciliary care sector: Findings from 81 organizations. International Journal of Stress Management, 10(4): 297-325. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.10.4.297   [Google Scholar]
  36. Taris TW, Leisink PL, and Schaufeli WB (2017). Applying occupational health theories to educator stress: Contribution of the job demands-resources model. In: McIntyre T, McIntyre S, Francis D (Eds.), Educator stress: Aligning perspectives on health, safety and well-being: 237-259. Springer, Cham, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53053-6_11   [Google Scholar]
  37. Tims M and Bakker AB (2010). Job crafting: Towards a new model of individual job redesign. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36(2): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v36i2.841   [Google Scholar]
  38. Tims M, Bakker AB, and Derks D (2012). Development and validation of the job crafting scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1): 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.009   [Google Scholar]
  39. Tong R, Yang X, Li H, and Li J (2019). Dual process management of coal miners' unsafe behaviour in the Chinese context: Evidence from a meta-analysis and inspired by the JD-R model. Resources Policy, 62: 205-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.03.019   [Google Scholar]
  40. Turoff M (1970). The design of a policy Delphi. Technological Forecasting Social Change, 2(2): 149-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(70)90161-7   [Google Scholar]
  41. Turoff M (1972). Delphi and its potential impact on information systems. In the Proceedings of Fall Joint Computer Conference, ACM, Las Vegas, USA: 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1145/1479064.1479122   [Google Scholar]
  42. Turoff M and Hiltz SR (2009). The future of professional communities of practice. In: Weinhardt C, Luckner S, and Stößer J (Eds.), Designing e-business systems: Markets, services, and networks: 144–158. Volume 22, Springer, Berlin, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01256-3_13   [Google Scholar]
  43. Vuori J, Toppinen-Tanner S, and Mutanen P (2012). Effects of resource-building group intervention on career management and mental health in work organizations: Randomized controlled field trial. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(2): 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025584   [Google Scholar] PMid:21942405
  44. Wijnhoven F, Meertens L, and den Engelse N (2010). The Hegelian inquiring system and critical triangulation tools for the internet information slave. In the SIGHCI 2010 Proceedings. Available online at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/sighci2010/19/ 
  45. Winterton J and Winterton R (2002). Developing managerial competence. Routledge, New York, USA. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203020395   [Google Scholar]