International Journal of

ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES

EISSN: 2313-3724, Print ISSN: 2313-626X

Frequency: 12

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 Volume 12, Issue 12 (December 2025), Pages: 129-141

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 Original Research Paper

The effect of tamanu oil and oxygenated additives on spark-ignition engine performance and emissions

 Author(s): 

 Gatot Setyono 1, Moh Khusaini 2, Nashi Widodo 3, Slamet Wahyudi 4, *

 Affiliation(s):

  1Environmental Science Doctoral Program, Post Graduate School, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
  2Economics Department, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
  3Biology Department, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
  4Mechanical Engineering Department, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia

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    Full Text - PDF

 * Corresponding Author. 

   Corresponding author's ORCID profile:  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4479-0895

 Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

  https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2025.12.013

 Abstract

The growing demand for low-emission and eco-friendly fuels has encouraged the development of multicomponent oxygenated blends for spark-ignition engines. This study evaluates the performance and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke gasoline engine with a 9.5:1 compression ratio using a newly formulated fuel blend called PBBT (Pertasol–n-Butanol–Butoxyethanol–Tamanu oil). The blend consists of 5% n-butanol, 5% 2-butoxyethanol, and 2–10% tamanu oil mixed into a Pertasol base. Experiments were conducted at engine speeds between 4000 and 9000 rpm under controlled conditions using a 50-L dynamometer and a four-gas analyzer. The results indicate notable improvements compared with conventional gasoline: the PBBT-5 blend achieved the highest thermal efficiency of 22.74% (a 44.4% increase), while CO and HC emissions decreased by more than 30%. NO x emissions were reduced by up to 15.40% with higher tamanu oil content. These improvements are attributed to the oxygenated components, which enhanced mixture homogeneity, combustion stability, and reduced peak combustion temperatures. Overall, the findings show that PBBT is a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally beneficial alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines.

 © 2025 The Authors. Published by IASE.

 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

 Keywords

 Oxygenated fuel blends, Spark-ignition engine, Engine performance, Emission reduction, Alternative fuels

 Article history

 Received 9 July 2025, Received in revised form 15 November 2025, Accepted 23 November 2025

 Acknowledgment

The authors acknowledge the Environmental Science Graduate Program, Brawijaya University, for its intellectual support during their studies. 

 Compliance with ethical standards

 Conflict of interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

 Citation:

 Setyono G, Khusaini M, Widodo N, and Wahyudi S (2025). The effect of tamanu oil and oxygenated additives on spark-ignition engine performance and emissions. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 12(12): 129-141

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 Figures

  Fig. 1  Fig. 2  Fig. 3  Fig. 4  Fig. 5  Fig. 6  Fig. 7  Fig. 8 

 Tables

  Table 1  Table 2  Table 3

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