International Journal of

ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES

EISSN: 2313-3724, Print ISSN: 2313-626X

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 Volume 9, Issue 2 (February 2022), Pages: 55-62

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 Original Research Paper

 Title: To explore the pharmacological mechanism of action using digital twin

 Author(s): Hidayat Ur Rahman 1, 2, *, Muhammad Hamdi Bin Mahmood 1, Mohammed Safwan Ali Khan 3, Najm Us Sama 4, Mohd Razip Asaruddin 5, Muhammad Afzal 2

 Affiliation(s):

 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
 2Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf-72341, Saudi Arabia
 3Department of Pharmacology, Hamidiye International Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
 4College of Computer Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf-72341, Saudi Arabia
 5Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia

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 * Corresponding Author. 

  Corresponding author's ORCID profile: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2772-4706

 Digital Object Identifier: 

 https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.02.006

 Abstract:

With the advent of medical technology and science, the number of animals used in research has increased. For decades, the use of animals in research and product testing has been a point of conflict. Experts and pharmaceutical manufacturers are harming animals worldwide during laboratory research. Animals have also played a significant role in the advancement of science; animal testing has enabled the discovery of various novel drugs. The misery, suffering, and deaths of animals are not worth the potential human benefits. As a result, animals must not be exploited in research to assess the drug mechanism of action (MOA). Apart from the ethical concern, animal testing has a few more downsides, including the requirement for skilled labor, lengthy processes, and cost. Because it is critical to investigate adverse effects and toxicities in the development of potentially viable drugs. Assessment of each target will consume the range of resources as well as disturb living nature. As the digital twin works in an autonomous virtual world without influencing the physical structure and biological system. Our proposed framework suggests that the digital twin is a great reliable model of the physical system that will be beneficial in assessing the possible MOA prior to time without harming animals. The study describes the creation of a digital twin to combine the information and knowledge obtained by studying the different drug targets and diseases. Mechanism of Action using Digital twin (MOA-DT) will enable the experts to use an innovative approach without physical testing to save animals, time, and resources. DT reflects and simulates the actual drug and its relationships with its target, however presenting a more accurate depiction of the drug, which leads to maximize efficacy and decrease the toxicity of a drug. In conclusion, it has been shown that drug discovery and development can be safe, effective, and economical in no time through the combination of the digital and physical models of a pharmaceutical as compared to experimental animals. 

 © 2022 The Authors. Published by IASE.

 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

 Keywords: Mechanism of action, Digital twin, Pharmacological target, Drug discovery

 Article History: Received 30 August 2021, Received in revised form 22 November 2021, Accepted 3 December 2021

 Acknowledgment 

No Acknowledgment.

 Compliance with ethical standards

 Conflict of interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

 Citation:

 Rahman HU, Mahmood MHB, and Khan MSA et al. (2022). To explore the pharmacological mechanism of action using digital twin. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 9(2): 55-62

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 Figures

 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5

 Tables

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