Affiliations:
1Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Miami University, Hamilton Campus, Ohio, USA
2Department of Statistics, Tribhuvan Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
Although personal health and demographic factors affect COVID-19 death rates, it is also important to examine country-level factors such as healthcare capacity, vaccination coverage, and economic conditions. This study investigates COVID-19 death rates in European countries from January 2020 to August 2023 using a beta mixed-effects model. The main predictors are vaccination rate, gross domestic product (GDP), number of hospital beds, and the share of the population aged 65 and above. The results show that mortality first increases in a linear pattern and then decreases in a quadratic pattern over time. Higher vaccination rates and stronger economies are linked to lower death rates, while a larger elderly population is linked to higher death rates. These findings highlight important national-level risk and protective factors for COVID-19 and offer useful guidance for public health planning and policy decisions.
COVID-19 mortality, Vaccination rate, Healthcare capacity, Economic conditions, Elderly population
https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2025.12.003
Bam, N., & Sapkota, L. P. (2025). A beta mixed model approach for analyzing country-level risk and protective factors of COVID-19 death rates in Europe. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 12(12), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2025.12.003